AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |
Back to Blog
Veryical penile fracture12/9/2023 ![]() It is a conduit from the inferior bladder to the external urethral meatus. The male urethra is about 18 to 20 cm in length. Bladder contraction is via parasympathetic actions. It relaxes to allow the bladder to fill and then contracts to empty the bladder. The muscularis propria is the detrusor muscle and consists of 3 layers: inner and outer longitudinal and a circular layer. The bladder consists of 4 layers, the urothelium, lamina propria, muscularis propria, and serosa. There is both sympathetic (T10-L2) and parasympathetic (S2-S4) innervation to the bladder, which arises from the pelvic plexus. Lymphatic drainage is generally to the external iliac nodal basin. The veins that drain the bladder form a plexus on the inferolateral surface of the bladder and then drain into the internal iliac veins. These arise from the internal iliac artery. The blood supply is mainly from the superior and inferior vesical arteries. As the bladder fills and becomes distended, the anterior portion, which is not covered by peritoneum, is exposed over the pubic bones. The remainder of the superior bladder is separated from the cervix by areolar tissue. In females, the superior surface is also mostly covered in peritoneum being reflected at the uterus, forming the vesicouterine pouch. ![]() In males, the superior portion of the bladder is covered with peritoneum, which continues posteriorly and over the rectum to form the rectovesical pouch. The inferolateral surfaces are not covered by peritoneum. Bilateral ureters drain into the bladder at the ureteral orifices located on the trigone. The anterior bladder is separated from the transverses fascia by adipose tissue, which is the retropubic space (space of Retzius). It is essentially the internal urethral orifice. The pubovesical ligaments fix the bladder neck to the pubic bones in both males and females. The bladder neck is the most inferior portion and is generally the most fixed portion of the bladder. The base of the bladder is closely related to the vagina in females and the rectum in males. However, as the bladder fills, it extends superiorly into the abdominal cavity and is more prone to traumatic forces. An empty bladder lies within the protection of the bony pelvis. The size, shape, and spatial relation to surrounding organs differs depending on the volume within the bladder. The urinary bladder functions as a reservoir. The innominate bones join anteriorly at the pubic symphysis. The pelvis is a ring structure composed of the sacrum, the coccyx, and the innominate bones: the pubis, ischium, and ilium. The lower GU tract is typically protected by the bony pelvis. The lower urogenital (GU) tract is composed of the bladder, urethra, vagina, uterus, ovaries, penis, scrotum, and testes. It accounts for approximately 30% of all ICU admissions annually. Trauma is the leading cause of death in patients between the ages of 15 and 24. Traumatic injuries can range from minor wounds to major, complex injuries causing shock and multi-system organ dysfunction.
0 Comments
Read More
Leave a Reply. |